Coercive citation is a
malpractice in academic publishing wherein an editor of a scientific journal
approached and coerced authors to add unwarranted citations to articles before
the editor will agree to publish it. Previous study only investigated coercive
citation from editors to enrich journals’ citations. However this practice has
not been researched in an individual serving as editor or reviewer for a
journal performing coercive citation with the ambition to boost one’s own
citations. This research project undertakes a case study in electrical
engineering. My finding is compelling and exposed that the subject of this
study is involved in soliciting and coercing other authors into citing his
articles in 2 major ways: (1) As editors of several journals, (2) A Guest
Editor for a Special Issue. Substantial evidence and proofs from citations of
the individual and journals are presented along with the discussion and
arguments. The implication of this practice is discussed, mainly to cause agony
in the integrity of academic publications.
The
significance of scientific publishing has become very clear, not just about the
communication of research discoveries but become an obligation of the academic society,
academicians get credit for their work through citations and it was used as a
measure of their triumph and success. Citation to a published scientific
publication reference, typically a paper, allows one to judge the work, as source
background information vital for future development, and acknowledges the
contributions. Citation indexes
originally were designed for information retrieval, but now are commonly used
for research appraisal. Scientific publication is scrutinized by the quantity
of citations it can collect. Citation is the foundation of the journal impact
factor and h index.
Coercive
citation is a malpractice in academic publishing wherein an editor of a
scientific journal approached and coerced authors to add unwarranted citations
to articles before the editor will agree to publish it. Journal editors want to
increase the citations of their journals, because it raises the journal’s
impact factor and ranking, which is a prestige. Manipulation of impact factors
and self-citation has long been known in academic publishing. While self-citation
can be easily detected, coercive citation is difficult to discover. A paper in Science in 2012 by Wilhite and Fong
indicated that about 20% of academics working in economics, sociology, psychology,
and multiple business disciplines have experienced coercive citation [1].
Individual cases in journals have also been reported in other disciplines [2].
Coercive
citation was reported to be practiced by the editors of scientific journals
without indicating that the article was actually lacking in provenance, nor
suggesting particular articles, authors, or bodies of work, but merely
directing authors to add citations from a particular author or journal [1].
This
quote from an editor as a condition for publication highlights the quandary:
“you cite This Journal only once in
your 40 references. Consequently, we kindly ask you to add references of
articles published in This Journal to
your present article”.
Such a message is
clearly deciphered by the authors that the summoned citations must be added or
the article will be rejected.[1,3]
Wilhite
and Fong [1] studied coercive citation from editors to enhance journals’
citations, but this practice of coercive citation can also be practiced by as
an individual serving as editor or reviewer for a journal with the aim to boost
one’s own citations. Failure to recognize this trend is likely to cause an
underestimation of the breadth of practice in this topic. Researching an
individual does however provide a good understanding of the overall trend of
publication and citation. This type of coercive citation has never been studied
at a micro-level on individual. To explore the extent and nature of such
coercive self-citation, I will conduct a research project in this exciting new
area using a case study; the citation pattern is carefully analyzed to expose
the practice of coercive citation. By analyzing progressions in research
citations, directions in scientific inquiry can be established, and used to
illustrate the development of scientific publishing and recognition.
This
research provides a comprehensive overview of the various tricks that are exercised
for increasing citations. I will show that citation solicitation and coercion
is evident and appeared to be practiced opportunistically in this case. My
research through case study would make a compelling exposé due to its novelty. The
implication of this practice is discussed, mainly to cause agony in the
integrity of academic publications.
I conducted this
research project by investigating a case study using an individual who is well
known anecdotally on the World Wide Web in practicing self-citation. Nelson Tansu
is a Professor of Electrical Engineering who is well known to have a very high self-citation
[4]. Some anecdotal studies indicated that the subject has over 50% of self-citations,
supposedly to be deliberate in order to increase his citation numbers and h
index [5-6]. While self-citation can be easily found out, coercive citation is
a more sophisticated method which is not obvious. This research paper seeks to
characterize the influence of coercive citation for a particular individual for
one’s personal benefits. In order to analyze this inclination, publication and
citation numbers and patterns were searched and subsequently recovered from a
research database Scopus.
Citation databases make
it possible to search cited references; that is, they search for references
that are listed in the bibliographies of research publications. This enabled
one to follow a particular cited reference, or cited author, forward in time to
find other articles or journals that have cited that author or work.
Upon conducting a
search using the Scopus database, I retrieved citation patterns of the subject
in different ways, which I will explain in the following sections. There are a
number of factors that can be used in order to narrow down the potential citation
anomaly.
The analysis is
compelling and showed that the subject of this study is hypothesized in soliciting
and coercing other authors into citing his articles in 3 ways:
The subject Tansu is editors for several
journals, particularly:
1. IEEE OSA JOURNAL OF
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06517575)
The position held as an Associate Editor
allows one to solicit and importune the authors into citing the editor’s papers.
This is evident as most of the citations of the subject came from the
above-mentioned 3 journals.
The conclusion is
justified by three methods of investigation, which is singled out in Scopus
database and I will outline in detail in the following sections.
Up
to May 2013, the subject Tansu has 3131 citations. During Jan 2012-May 2013,
Tansu obtained almost half of his total citations. These two years represent a
sudden increase in citation volume. I will found out why.
Premise: If coercive citation is to occur, the
citations to the subject should come mainly from the mentioned-above 3
journals.
In
2012, Tansu acquired 621 citations, which came from 204 articles, meaning each
article are on average gave 3 citations.
However,
the top references came from:
Optical Materials Express (17 references)
IEEE Photonics Journal (16 references)
In
Jan-May 2013, Tansu obtained 685 citations, which is very high considering it
is only 5 months and more citations than previous whole year.
The
citations came from 158 articles, meaning each article is on average gave 4
citations. However, the top references came from:
IEEE OSA Journal of Display Technology (37
references)
Optical Materials Express (11 references)
IEEE Photonics Journal (5 references)
This
anomaly is mirrored in further evidences in the following sections.
I also inspected the
citations of the subject’s individual papers.
Premise: If coercive citation is to occur, the
citations to the individual papers of the subject should come mainly from the
mentioned-above 3 journals.
My finding is that most
citations should come from the above-mentioned 3 journals. These are somewhat not
extraordinary and herewith are some evidential proofs from some of the papers
of the subject:
1. Zhao H., Liu G., Zhang
J., Poplawsky J.D., Dierolf V., Tansu N.
Approaches for high internal quantum efficiency green InGaN
light-emitting diodes with large overlap quantum wells. 2011, Optics Express,
(14)
This paper has 160 citations. Tansu
himself has 17 self-citations, but the rest of citations come from
·
33 citations are from IEEE OSA Journal of Display
Technology
·
20 citations are from Optical Materials Express
·
8 citations are from IEEE Photonics Journal
The subject gained 61
citations by coercing other authors to cite this paper.
2. Li X.-H., Song R., Ee
Y-.K., Kumnorkaew P., Gilchrist J.F., Tansu N.
Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride
light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect
ratios. 2011, IEEE Photonics Journal, (3) 489-499
This paper has 89 citations, Tansu himself
has 10 self-citations,
·
20 citations are from IEEE OSA Journal of Display
Technology
·
13 citations are from Optical Materials Express
·
5 citations are from IEEE Photonics Journal
The subject benefited 38
citations by coercing authors to cite this paper.
3. Zhao H., Liu G., Arif
R.A., Tansu N. Current injection efficiency induced efficiency-droop in InGaN
quantum well light-emitting diodes. 2010, Solid-State Electronics, (10)
1119-1124
This paper has 89 citations, Tansu himself
has 25 self citations,
·
25 citations are from IEEE OSA Journal of Display
Technology
·
12 citations are from IEEE Photonics Journal
·
5 citations are from Optical Materials Express
The subject profited 42
citations from being editors of the 3 journals.
Another important
finding is that almost all of the citations come from articles from Asian
counties (Taiwan, China, Korea and Singapore). These 3 examples not
unexpectedly showed that the subject has gained more than 50% of citations from
being editors. This again justifies my premise; obviously the editor coerced
the authors to add superfluous citations.
In this era of
citation insanity, the choice of journal in which the research will be
published is very important. It is no longer just the number of published works
that measures an author’s success, but also perhaps more importantly, published
research is evaluated by the number of citations it receives. To validate this
hypothesis, I will look into the number of references cited by the papers in
the 3 journals.
Premise: If coercive citation is manifested,
the number of references to the subject (Tansu) should be huge compared to
other authors. Anomaly in references should be detected.
I thoroughly investigated the citations and references
in the 3 journals:
Citations in IEEE OSA
JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
In Jan-May 2013, the journal has 115
articles
Tansu is the top author with 6 papers
1410
References were cited by the 115 articles.
Top on the cited list is Nakamura, S.
(with 45 citations) an obvious one. (Shuji Nakamura is the inventor of the blue
LED, a major breakthrough in lighting technology.)
But second on the list is Tansu with 43 references.
In 2012, the journal has 123 articles
As Tansu was not an editor at the time, he
didn't publish a single article in the journal.
1787
References were cited by the 123 articles.
But Tansu cannot be found in any of the
references.
This is an anomaly, in 2013 references to
Tansu jump from 0 to 43.
This can be easily explained because Tansu
became an editor in 2013 and guest edit a special issue (see below for a full
discussion).
By becoming an editor, the subject can benefit
and crown the citation list of IEEE OSA JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY.
Citations in Optical
Materials Express
In Jan-May 2013, the journal has published
54 articles.
Tansu didn't publish any paper.
1534
References were cited by the 54 articles.
Number
one on the list is Tansu, with 25 references.
In 2012, the journal has 202 articles
Tansu didn't publish any paper.
In the 5094 References that were cited by the 202
articles, Tansu shared 25 references.
In 2011, the journal has 170 articles.
Tansu didn't publish any paper.
In the 4294 References that were cited by the 202
articles, Tansu shared 12 references.
Every year the number of citations to
Tansu increases showing the anomaly, especially in 2013, Tansu is the top cited
references.
Citations in IEEE
Photonics Journal
In Jan-May 2013, the journal has 93
articles
Tansu published 6 papers
In the 2261 References that were cited by the 93 articles,
Tansu
is on the top list with 23 references
In 2012, the journal has 264 articles
Tansu has 2 papers
In the 5459 References that were cited by the 264 articles,
Tansu
shared 37 references.
In 2011, the journal has 170 articles
Tansu didn't publish any paper
In the 2634 References that were cited by the 114
selected articles,
Tansu
shared 13 references.
This trend is not observed in other journals in the same field: IEEE Photonics
Technology Letters, Applied Physics Letters, Optics Express, Applied Optics. In
other words the subject cannot be found as the top cited references. This means
the work of the subject is not considered important in other journals, but
raise interrogation on why became top cited references are only found in the 3
journals he edited.
Not unexpectedly, it
can be concluded that solicited and coercive citations to Tansu occurred and it
is not coincidental that after becoming an editor of a journal, the journal is
used to boost up his citations.
Remark: Number of references is not equal to number of
citations. Each reference could be cited many times by different papers. The
number of citations is usually higher than number of references.
Being part of an editorial board (associate editors) for journals only allowed one to have limited coercion to the papers an editor handle. But if one is selected as a guest editor for a Special Issue, one can coerced all papers to cite one’s papers. The subject was a guest editor for IEEE OSA Journal of Display Technology in Volume 9, Issue 4 (April 2013).
Premise: If coercive citation is manifested,
the number of citations to the subject (Tansu) should occur on every paper in
the special issue and should be huge compared to other authors. Anomaly in
references should be detected.
The special issue that
feature Recent advances in solid state
lighting turns out to be Advancing one’s citations. Here each of the papers
in the Special issue is analysed and showed that all of the papers cited Tansu
unnecessarily:
a)
Effects of H2 in GaN barrier spacer layer of InGaN/GaN
multiple quantum-well light-emitting diodes. Lai, W.-C., Yang, Y.-Y. 2013
10
citations to Tansu
b) Investigating the
effect of piezoelectric polarization on GaN-based LEDs with different quantum
barrier thickness. Wang, C.K., Chiang, T.H., Chen, K.Y., Chiou, Y.Z., Lin,
T.K., Chang, S.P., Chang, S.J.
9
citations to Tansu
c)
Lateral current spreading effect on the efficiency
droop in GaN based light-emitting diodes. Huang, S., Fan, B., Chen, Z., Zheng,
Z., Luo, H., Wu, Z., Wang, G., Jiang, H.
8
citations to Tansu
d) Effect of
polarization-matched n-type AlGaInN electron-blocking layer on the
optoelectronic properties of blue InGaN light-emitting diodes. Li, Y., Gao, Y.,
He, M., Zhou, J., Lei, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, K., Chen, Y.
11
citations to Tansu
e)
Effects of initial GaN growth mode on patterned
sapphire on the opto-electrical characteristics of GaN-based light-emitting
diodes. Chang, H.-M., Lai, W.-C., Chang, S.-J.
6 citations
to Tansu
f)
On the Effect of Step-Doped Quantum Barriers in
InGaN/GaN Light Emitting Diodes. Zi-Hui Zhang ; Tan, S.T. ; Zhengang Ju ; Wei
Liu ; Yun Ji ; Kyaw, Z. ; Dikme, Y. ; Xiao Wei Sun ; Demir, H.V.
11
citations to Tansu
g) Effects of H2 in GaN Barrier Spacer Layer of InGaN/GaN
Multiple Quantum-Well Light-Emitting Diodes. Wei-Chih Lai ; Ya-Yu Yang
10
citations to Tansu
h) Improved Carrier
Distributions by Varying Barrier Thickness for InGaN/GaN LEDs. Yu, S.F. ;
Ray-Ming Lin ; Chang, S.J. ; Chen, J.R. ; Chu, J.Y. ; Kuo, C.T. ; Jiao, Z.Y.
10
citations to Tansu
i)
Effect of Si Doping Level in n-Cladding Layer on the
Performance of InGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes. Zhiyuan Zheng ; Zimin Chen ;
Yingda Chen ; Hualong Wu ; Bingfeng Fan ; Zhisheng Wu ; Gang Wang ; Hao Jiang
7
citations to Tansu
j)
Performance Improvement of Nitride-Based
Light-Emitting Diode With a Thin Mg-Delta-Doped Hole Injection Layer. Yulun
Xian ; Shanjin Huang ; Zhiyuan Zheng ; Bingfeng Fan ; Zimin Chen ; Zhisheng Wu
; Gang Wang ; Baijun Zhang ; Hao Jiang
9
citations to Tansu
k)
Observation of Electroluminescence From Quantum Wells
Far From p-GaN Layer in Nitride-Based Light-Emitting Diodes. Zhiyuan Zheng ;
Zimin Chen ; Yingda Chen ; Hualong Wu ; Shanjin Huang ; Bingfeng Fan ; Zhisheng
Wu ; Gang Wang ; Hao Jiang
8
citations to Tansu
l)
Lateral Current Spreading Effect on the Efficiency
Droop in GaN Based Light-Emitting Diodes. Shanjin Huang ; Bingfeng Fan ; Zimin
Chen ; Zhiyuan Zheng ; Hongtai Luo ; Zhisheng Wu ; Gang Wang ; Hao Jiang
8
citations to Tansu
m)First-Principle Electronic Properties of
Dilute-As GaNAs Alloy for Visible Light Emitters. Chee-Keong Tan ; Jing Zhang ;
Xiao-Hang Li ; Guangyu Liu ; Tayo, B.O. ; Tansu, N.
8
citations to Tansu
n) Efficiency and Droop
Improvement in Hybrid Warm White LEDs Using InGaN and AlGaInP High-Voltage
LEDs. Kuo-Ju Chen ; Hsuan-Ting Kuo ; Yen-Chih Chiang ; Hsin-Chu Chen ;
Chao-Hsun Wang ; Min-Hsiung Shih ; Chien-Chung Lin ; Ching-Jen Pan ; Hao-Chung
Kuo
3 citations
to Tansu
o) Enhanced Light Output
Power and Growth Mechanism of GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on
Cone-Shaped Patterned Template. Da-Wei
Lin ; Jhih-Kai Huang ; Chia-Yu Lee ; Ruey-Wen Chang ; Yu-Pin Lan ; Chien-Chung
Lin ; Kang-Yuan Lee ; Chung-Hsiang Lin ; Po-Tsung Lee ; Gou-Chung Chi ;
Hao-Chung Kuo
6
citations to Tansu
p) Effects of Initial GaN
Growth Mode on Patterned Sapphire on the Opto-Electrical Characteristics of
GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes. Hung-Ming Chang ; Wei-Chih Lai ; Shoou-Jinn Chang
6
citations to Tansu
q) Analysis of
interdiffused InGaN quantum wells for visible light-emitting diodes. Zhao, H.,
Jiao, X., Tansu, N.
10
citations to Tansu
r)
Analysis of internal quantum efficiency and current
injection efficiency in III-nitride light-emitting diodes. Zhao, H., Liu, G.,
Zhang, J., Arif, R.A., Tansu, N.
16
citations to Tansu
s)
Semipolar
InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes for High-Efficiency Solid-State
Lighting; Feezell, D.F. ; Speck, J.S. ; DenBaars, S.P. ; Nakamura, S.
1
citation to Tansu
All papers have 6-10 citations to Tansu, and noticed all papers are from China, Taiwan and Singapore where an editor can easily coerced the authors. The only paper that escaped is by Feezell and Shuji Nakamura, a well-known authority in InGaN LED. This is in accordance with the research by Wilhite and Fong that many journal editors appear to strategically target certain authors, such as assistant and associate professors (from Asian countries), rather than full professors (Nakamura), relying on the fact that lower ranking authors may be more willing to add the unnecessary citations. They also found that while the majority of authors disapprove of the practice, most acquiesce and add citations when coerced.
This pattern is observed again in the special issue which was continued in Issue 5, Tansu was again a guest editor for IEEE OSA Journal of Display Technology in Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2013).
- FDTD Analysis on Extraction Efficiency of GaN Light-Emitting Diodes With Microsphere Arrays Zhu, P. ; Liu, G. ; Zhang, J. ; Tansu, N. 12 citations to Tansu
- Light Extraction Efficiency Enhancement of III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes by Using 2-D Close-Packed Microsphere Arrays Xiao-Hang Li ; Peifen Zhu ; Guangyu Liu ; Jing Zhang ; Renbo Song ; Yik-Khoon Ee ; Kumnorkaew, P. ; Gilchrist, J.F. ; Tansu, N. 11 citations to Tansu
- Design and Analysis of “Chess Board” Like Photonic Crystal Structure for Improved Light Extraction in GaN/InGaN LEDs Patra, S.K. ; Adhikari, S. ; Pal, S. 9 citations to Tansu
- Improved Light Extraction Efficiency of Nonpolar a-Plane GaN-Based LEDs Based on Embedded Pyramid-Shape Air-Gap Structure Park, M.J. ; Hwang, S.J. ; Kim, H.J. ; Jung, S. ; Bang, K.H. ; Kim, H.G. ; Chang, Y. ; Choi, Y. ; Kwak, J.S. 11 citations to Tansu
- GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes With Step Graded-Refractive Index Micropillar Array Hung-Ming Chang ; Ya-Yu Yang ; Wei-Chih Lai ; Shuguang Li ; Yu-Ru Lin ; Zhi-Yong Jiao ; Shoou-Jinn Chang 9 citations to Tansu
- InGaN-Based Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated With a Distributed Bragg Reflector and Metal Reflector for Visible Light Communications Chia-Lung Tsai ; Chih-Ta Yen ; Wei-Jhih Huang ; Zhong-Fan Xu ; Sun-Chien Ko 14 citations to Tansu
- A Stress Analysis of Transferred Thin-GaN Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated by Au-Si Wafer Bonding Bo-Wen Lin ; Nian-Jheng Wu ; Wu, Y.C.S. ; Hsu, S.C. 15 citations to Tansu
- A GaN-Based LED With Perpendicular Structure Fabricated on a ZnO Substrate by MOCVD Yan Lei ; Jia Xu ; Kebao Zhu ; Miao He ; Jun Zhou ; You Gao ; Li Zhang ; Yulong Chen 9 citations to Tansu
- A Highly Power-Efficient LED Back-Light Power Supply for LCD Display Woo-Young Choi 12 citations to Tansu
- Analysis and Suppression of Overcurrent in Boost LED Drivers Yuan-Ta Hsieh ; Ying-Zong Juang 11 citations to Tansu
- LED Junction Temperature Measurement Using Generated Photocurrent Lock, D.A. ; Hall, S.R.G. ; Prins, A.D. ; Crutchley, B.G. ; Kynaston, S. ; Sweeney, S.J. 2 citations to Tansu
- Light Extracting Properties of Buried Photonic Quasi-Crystal Slabs in InGaN/GaN LEDs Lewins, C.J. ; Allsopp, D.W.E. ; Shields, P.A. ; Gao, X. ; Humphreys, B. ; Wang, W.N. 0 citations to Tansu
- Surface-Roughened Light-Emitting Diodes: An Accurate Model David, A. 0 citations to Tansu
All papers in this issue have 9-14 citations to Tansu, and noticed the authors are from China, Taiwan, Korea, India and Singapore where an editor can easily coerced the authors.
The only paper with English authors managed to escape the coercion. This is a big anomaly, why 2 of the American papers do not quote Tansu in the references while all other papers have 9-14 citations to Tansu?
Again, not unexpectedly, citation manipulation is
observed. The subject gained more than 270 citations from two special issues, thanks to IEEE OSA Journal of Display Technology.
The excessive citations to Tansu in the
papers are not necessary and essentially superfluous. Take an example the paper
by Zhang et al. On the Effect of Step-Doped Quantum Barriers in InGaN/GaN Light
Emitting Diodes:
“For that, staggered
InGaN quantum wells have been proposed and investigated [16]–[20].” “ …,
therefore increasing the radiative recombination rates [23]–[26]”
References [16] -[20] and [23]–[26] are all papers by Tansu. This
finding is consistent with a previous study in SPIE Proceedings [6].
In addition to being
editors, according to his CV http://www.ece.lehigh.edu/~tansu/pdf/Tansu_CV.pdf, the subject
regularly reviewed papers for Applied Physics Letters and Journal of Applied
Physics. It is conjectured that the subject also coerced authors of the paper
he reviewed to cite his papers. This is more difficult to hunt down.
Citation manipulation
is as ancient as the process of provenance itself, and academicians shouldn’t
be stunned that incongruous citation behavior is occurring. Considering all
this valuable information, my study suggests that citation solicitation and coercion
by an individual is a phenomenon, and is a conundrum. This finding is backed up
by solid data from citations of the subject and in journals.
Coercive citation is
primarily targeting vulnerable younger researchers from Asian countries as
publishing in a journal is a critical consideration for an author. This behavior
is in order to have the greatest effect on the citation of an individual that
is opportunistic. This case study showed that an editor gained 160 citations
from just a single special issue in a journal.
This kind of comportment
is doing harm to science. I hope this research brings this unscrupulous
practice to radiance. If left unimpeded, it could distort our understanding of
scientific quality and research impact and, over many occasions, disquiet pronouncements
about tenure, promotion, awards and funding. Prominently, it is adding to the
difficulties faced by susceptible junior member of faculty who are trying to construct
a record for tenure.
[1]
Wilhite, A. W.; Fong, E. A. (2012). "Coercive Citation in Academic
Publishing". Science 335 (6068): 542–3. doi:10.1126/science.1212540.
[2]
Smith, R. (1997). "Journal accused of manipulating impact factor".
BMJ 314 (7079): 461. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7079.461d.
[3]
Davis, P. (2012) “When Journal Editors Coerce Authors to Self-Cite”. The Scholarly Kitchen http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/02/02/when-journal-editors-coerce-authors-to-self-cite/
[4]
Dem, G. Nelson Tansu: Self Citation Record http://www.academia.edu/794892/Nelson_Tansu_Self_Citation_Record
[5]
Dem, G. How to increase your papers citations and h index in 5 simple steps. http://www.academia.edu/934257/How_to_increase_your_papers_citations_and_h_index_in_5_simple_steps
[6] Dem, G. Update in SPIE Proceedings: More Consistent Self Citation. http://www.academia.edu/633781/Update_in_SPIE_Proceedings_More_Consistent_Self_Citation
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